Peanut oil offers certain health advantages, such as a rich antioxidant vitamin E source. However, it also comes with downsides, notably its high content of pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids and its susceptibility to oxidation.
With a plethora of cooking oils out there, deciding which one is healthiest can be challenging.
Often used in culinary settings, especially for frying, peanut oil is a favored choice for many.
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Explore new cuisinesDespite its potential health benefits, peanut oil has notable negatives.
This article delves deep into peanut oil to evaluate if it’s a healthful or detrimental option.
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What is peanut oil?
Peanut oil, also referred to as groundnut oil or arachis oil, is a vegetable-derived oil made from the edible seeds of the peanut plant.
Though the peanut plant flowers above ground, the seeds or peanuts actually develop underground. This is why peanuts are also known as groundnuts.
Peanuts are often grouped with tree nuts like walnuts and almonds, but they are a type of legume belonging to the pea and bean family.
Depending on processing, peanut oil can have many flavors ranging from mild and sweet to strong and nutty.
There are several different types of peanut oil. Each one is made using different techniques:
- Refined peanut oil: This type is refined, bleached, and deodorized, removing the oil’s allergenic parts. It is typically safe for those with peanut allergies. Restaurants commonly use it to fry foods like chicken and french fries.
- Cold-pressed peanut oil: In this method, peanuts are crushed to force out the oil. This low-heat process retains much of the natural peanut flavor and more nutrients than refining does.
- Gourmet peanut oil: Considered a specialty oil, this type is unrefined and usually roasted, giving the oil a deeper, more intense flavor than refined oil. It gives a robust and nutty flavor to dishes like stir-fries.
- Peanut oil blends: Peanut oil is often blended with a similar tasting but less expensive oil like soybean oil. This type is more affordable for consumers and is usually sold in bulk for frying foods.
Peanut oil is widely used worldwide but is most common in Chinese, South Asian, and Southeast Asian cooking. It became more popular in the United States during World War II when other oils were scarce due to food shortages.
It has a high smoke point of 437℉ (225℃) and is commonly used to fry foods.
Summary: Peanut oil is a popular vegetable oil commonly used worldwide. This oil has a high smoke point, making it a popular choice for frying foods.
Peanut oil nutrition
Here is the nutritional breakdown for one tablespoon of peanut oil:
- Calories: 119
- Fat: 14 grams
- Saturated fat: 2.3 grams
- Monounsaturated fat: 6.2 grams
- Polyunsaturated fat: 4.3 grams
- Vitamin E: 11% of the daily intake
- Phytosterols: 27.9 mg
The fatty acid breakdown of peanut oil is 20% saturated fat, 50% monounsaturated fat (MUFA), and 30% polyunsaturated fat (PUFA).
The main monounsaturated fat in peanut oil is called oleic acid, or omega-9. It also contains high amounts of linoleic acid, a type of omega-6 fatty acid, and smaller amounts of palmitic acid, a saturated fat.
The high amount of omega-6 fats that peanut oil contains may not be good. These fats cause inflammation and are linked to various health problems.
The considerable amount of monounsaturated fat in this oil makes it a go-to for frying and other high-heat cooking methods. However, it does contain a good amount of polyunsaturated fat, which is less stable at high temperatures.
On the other hand, peanut oil is a good source of vitamin E. This antioxidant has many health benefits, like protecting the body from free radical damage and reducing the risk of heart disease.
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Summary: Peanut oil is high in monounsaturated fat, making it a popular choice for high-heat cooking. It is a good source of vitamin E, which has many health benefits.
Potential benefits of peanut oil
Peanut oil is an excellent source of vitamin E.
It has also been linked to some health benefits, including reducing certain risk factors for heart disease and lowering blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.
Peanut oil is high in vitamin E
Just one tablespoon of peanut oil contains 11% of the recommended daily vitamin E intake.
Vitamin E is the name for a group of fat-soluble compounds that have many vital bodily functions.
The primary role of vitamin E is to function as an antioxidant, protecting the body from harmful substances called free radicals.
Free radicals can cause damage to cells if their numbers grow too high in the body. They have been linked to chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease.
What’s more, vitamin E helps to keep the immune system strong, which protects the body from bacteria and viruses. It is also essential for red blood cell formation, cell signaling, and preventing blood clots.
This powerful antioxidant may reduce the risk of heart disease, certain cancers, cataracts and may even prevent age-related mental decline.
In fact, an analysis of eight studies that included 15,021 people found a 17% reduction in the risk of age-related cataract in those with the highest dietary intake of vitamin E compared to those with the lowest intake.
Peanut oil may reduce heart disease risk
Peanut oil is high in monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats, which have been researched extensively for their roles in reducing heart disease.
There is good evidence that consuming unsaturated fats can lower certain risk factors associated with heart disease.
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For example, high levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood have been linked to a greater risk of heart disease. Many studies have shown that replacing saturated fats with MUFAs or PUFAs may reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
An extensive review by the American Heart Association suggests that reducing saturated fat intake and increasing your monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat intake could lower the risk of heart disease by as much as 30%.
Another review of 15 controlled studies had similar findings, concluding that reducing saturated fats in the diet did not affect heart disease risk. However, replacing some saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat may reduce the risk of heart events.
Yet these benefits were only seen when replacing saturated fats with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. It is unclear if adding more of these fats to your diet without changing other dietary components will positively affect heart health.
Additionally, it is essential to note that other major studies have shown little or no effect on heart disease risk when reducing saturated fat or replacing it with these other fats.
For example, a recent review of 76 studies, including over 750,000 people, found no link between saturated fat intake and the risk of heart disease, even for those with the highest intake.
While peanut oil has a good amount of polyunsaturated fats, many other nutritious options are higher in this type of fat, like walnuts, sunflower seeds, and flaxseeds.
Peanut oil may improve insulin sensitivity
Studies have shown that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats may improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes.
Consuming any fat with carbohydrates helps slow the absorption of sugars in the digestive tract and leads to a slower rise in blood sugar. However, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, in particular, may play a more prominent role in blood sugar control.
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In a review of 102 clinical studies that included 4,220 adults, researchers found that replacing just 5% of saturated fat intake with polyunsaturated fats significantly reduced blood sugar levels and HbA1c, a marker of long-term blood sugar control.
Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat significantly improved insulin secretion in these subjects. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose and keeps your blood sugar from getting too high.
Animal studies also suggest that peanut oil improves blood sugar control.
In one study, diabetic rats fed peanut oil experienced significant reductions in both blood sugar levels and HbA1c. In another study, diabetic mice given diets fortified with peanut oil had significant reductions in blood sugar.
Summary: Peanut oil may reduce heart disease risk factors. It may also help improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar in people with diabetes. It is also a great source of vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant that protects the body from free radical damage.
Potential health risks
Although there are some evidence-based benefits to consuming peanut oil, there are also some potential drawbacks.
Peanut oil is high in omega-6 fats
Omega-6 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat. They are an essential fatty acid, meaning you must get them through the diet because your body cannot make them.
Along with the better-known omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids play a critical role in proper growth and development and normal brain function.
While omega-3s help fight inflammation in the body that can lead to several chronic diseases, omega-6s tend to be more pro-inflammatory.
Although both of these essential fatty acids are crucial to health, modern-day diets tend to be too high in omega-6 fatty acids. In fact, the typical American diet can contain 14 to 25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids.
Experts suggest this ratio should be closer to 1:1 or 4:1 for optimal health. Omega-6 intake has skyrocketed over the last few decades, along with rates of inflammatory diseases like heart disease, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer.
Multiple studies link high intakes of omega-6 fats to an increased risk of breast cancer in women.
The evidence supporting a link between the heavy consumption of these pro-inflammatory fats and certain diseases is strong, though it should be noted that the research is ongoing.
Peanut oil is very high in omega-6s and lacks omega-3s. To eat a more balanced ratio of these essential fatty acids, limit your intake of oils high in omega-6s, such as peanut oil.
Peanut oil may be prone to oxidation
Oxidation is a reaction between a substance and oxygen that causes free radicals and other harmful compounds to form. This process commonly occurs in unsaturated fats, while saturated fats are more oxid-resistant.
Polyunsaturated fats are the most susceptible to oxidization due to their higher amount of unstable double bonds.
Simply heating or exposing these fats to air, sunlight, or moisture can ignite this undesirable process.
The high amount of polyunsaturated fats in peanut oil and its use as a high-heat oil make it more prone to oxidation.
The free radicals that are created when peanut oil becomes oxidized can cause damage to the body. This damage may lead to premature aging, certain cancers, and heart disease.
Other, more stable oils and fats are available on the market for high-heat cooking.
These are much more resistant to oxidation than peanut oil. Although peanut oil is advertised for its high smoke point, it may not be the best choice.
Summary: Peanut oil is high in pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids. Western diets tend to be too high in these fats already, which may increase the risk of certain diseases. This oil may also be prone to oxidation, making it an unsafe choice as a cooking oil.
Summary
Peanut oil is a popular oil used around the world.
Suggested read: Peanuts: Nutrition facts and health benefits
It’s a good source of the antioxidant vitamin E, which may help reduce heart disease risk factors. It may also help improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar in those with diabetes.
Yet, while this oil may have some health benefits, it also has some disadvantages.
It is very high in pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids and is prone to oxidation, which may increase the risk of certain diseases.
With so many other healthy fat choices on the market, choosing an oil with more benefits and fewer potential health risks might be wise.
Some good alternatives include extra virgin olive oil, coconut oil, or avocado oil.
