Food intolerances and sensitivities are extremely common. It’s estimated that 2–20% of people worldwide may suffer from food intolerance.
Elimination diets are the gold standard for identifying food intolerances, sensitivities, and allergies through diet.
They remove certain foods that cause uncomfortable symptoms and reintroduce them later while testing for symptoms.
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Explore new cuisinesAllergists and registered dietitians have been using elimination diets for decades to help people rule out foods that are not tolerated well.
What is an elimination diet?
An elimination diet involves removing foods from your diet that you suspect your body can’t tolerate well. The foods are later reintroduced, one at a time, while you look for symptoms that show a reaction.
It only lasts 5–6 weeks and is used to help those with a sensitive gut, food intolerance or food allergy identify which foods contribute to their symptoms.
An elimination diet may alleviate symptoms like bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, and nausea.
Once you have successfully identified a food your body can’t tolerate well, you can remove it from your diet to prevent any uncomfortable symptoms in the future.
There are many types of elimination diets, which all involve eating or removing certain types of foods.
However, if you have a known or suspected food allergy, you should only try an elimination diet under the supervision of a medical professional. Reintroducing a food allergen may trigger a dangerous condition called anaphylaxis.
If you suspect a food allergy, check with your doctor before starting an elimination diet. Symptoms of an allergy include rashes, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
Summary: An elimination diet is a short-term diet that helps identify foods your body can’t tolerate well and removes them from your diet.
How does an elimination diet work?
An elimination diet is divided into two phases: elimination and reintroduction.
The elimination phase
The elimination phase involves removing foods you suspect trigger your symptoms for a short period of time, typically 2–3 weeks.
Eliminate foods you think your body can’t tolerate and foods that are notorious for causing uncomfortable symptoms.
These foods include nuts, corn, soy, dairy, citrus fruits, nightshade vegetables, wheat, and foods containing gluten, pork, eggs, and seafood.
During this phase, you can determine if your symptoms are due to food or something else. If your symptoms still remain after removing the foods for 2–3 weeks, it is best to notify your doctor.
The reintroduction phase
The next phase is the reintroduction phase, in which you slowly bring eliminated foods back into your diet.
Each food group should be introduced individually over 2–3 days while looking for symptoms. Some symptoms to watch for include:
- Rashes and skin changes
- Joint pain
- Headaches or migraines
- Fatigue
- Difficulty sleeping
- Changes in breathing
- Bloating
- Stomach pain or cramps
- Changes in bowel habits
If you experience no symptoms when you reintroduce a food group, you can assume it is acceptable to eat and move on to the next food group.
However, if you experience adverse symptoms like those mentioned above, you have successfully identified a trigger food and should remove it from your diet.
The entire process, including elimination, takes roughly 5–6 weeks.
If you plan to eliminate many food groups, seek advice from your doctor or a dietitian. Eliminating too many food groups may cause a nutritional deficiency.
Summary: An elimination diet removes foods you think cause discomfort. It then reintroduces them individually to check for symptoms.
Foods to avoid on an elimination diet
The best elimination diets are the most restricting.
Suggested read: The 8 most common food intolerances
The more foods you remove during the elimination phase, the more likely you will discover which foods trigger uncomfortable symptoms.
Foods that are commonly removed during the elimination phase include:
- Citrus fruits: Avoid citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruits.
- Nightshade vegetables: Avoid nightshades, including tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, white potatoes, cayenne pepper, and paprika.
- Nuts and seeds: Eliminate all nuts and seeds.
- Legumes: Eliminate all legumes, such as beans, lentils, peas, and soy-based products.
- Starchy foods: Avoid wheat, barley, corn, spelt, rye, oats, and bread. Also, avoid any other gluten-containing foods.
- Meat and fish: Avoid processed meats, cold cuts, beef, chicken, pork, eggs, and shellfish.
- Dairy products: Eliminate all dairy, including milk, cheese, yogurt, and ice cream.
- Fats: Avoid butter, margarine, hydrogenated oils, mayonnaise, and spreads.
- Beverages: Avoid alcohol, coffee, black tea, soda, and other sources of caffeine.
- Spices and condiments: Avoid sauces, relish, and mustard.
- Sugar and sweets: Avoid sugar (white and brown), honey, maple syrup, corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup, agave nectar, desserts, and chocolate.
If you suspect that other foods not on this list make you feel uncomfortable, it is highly recommended to remove them as well.
Summary: A good elimination diet is very restricting, which helps you identify as many trigger foods as possible.
Foods to eat on an elimination diet
Although an elimination diet is very restricting, there is still enough variety to make healthy and delicious meals.
Some foods you can eat include:
- Fruits: Most fruits, excluding citrus fruits.
- Vegetables: Most vegetables, excluding nightshades.
- Grains: Including rice and buckwheat.
- Meat and fish: Including turkey, lamb, wild game, and cold-water fish like salmon.
- Dairy substitutes: Including coconut milk and unsweetened rice milk.
- Fats: Including cold-pressed olive oil, flaxseed oil, and coconut oil.
- Beverages: Water and herbal teas.
- Spices, condiments, and others: Including black pepper, fresh herbs and spices (excluding cayenne pepper and paprika), and apple cider vinegar.
To stay motivated during this restrictive phase, try designing new recipes and experimenting with herbs and spices to add delicious flavor to your dishes.
Suggested read: Gluten-free foods list: 54 foods you can eat
Summary: Although elimination diets are restricting, there are still plenty of food options to make healthy and delicious meals.
Other types of elimination diets
Besides the traditional elimination diet described above, there are several other types.
Here are a few different types of elimination diets:
- Low-FODMAPs diet: Removes FODMAPs, which are short-chain carbohydrates that some people can’t digest.
- Few foods elimination diet: Involves eating a combination of foods you don’t eat regularly. One example is the lamb and pears diet, popular in the US, where lamb and pears are not commonly eaten.
- Rare foods elimination diet: Similar to a few foods diet, but you can only eat foods you rarely ever eat, as they are less likely to trigger your symptoms. Typical foods on a rare food diet include yams, buckwheat, and starfruit.
- Fasting elimination diet: Involves strictly drinking water for up to five days, then reintroducing food groups. This type of diet should only be done with permission from your doctor, as it can be dangerous to your health.
- Other elimination diets: These include lactose-free, sugar-free, gluten-free, and wheat-free diets, among others.
Summary: There are many different elimination diets, including the low-FODMAPs diet, the few foods diet, the rare foods diet, fasting, and more.
Benefits of an elimination diet
Elimination diets help you discover which foods cause uncomfortable symptoms so you can remove them from your diet.
However, an elimination diet has many other benefits, including:
1. It may reduce symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome is a common gut disorder affecting 10–15% of people worldwide.
Many people find that an elimination diet improves irritable bowel syndrome symptoms like bloating, stomach cramps, and gas.
In one study, 150 people with irritable bowel syndrome followed either an elimination diet that excluded trigger foods or a fake elimination diet that excluded the same number of foods but not ones linked with uncomfortable symptoms.
People who followed the actual elimination diet reduced their symptoms by 10%, and those who best stuck to the diet reduced symptoms by up to 26%.
2. It may help people with eosinophilic esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic condition where allergies trigger inflammation of the esophagus, the tube that delivers food from mouth to stomach.
People with eosinophilic esophagitis have difficulty swallowing dry and dense foods, increasing their risk of choking.
Suggested read: The gluten-free diet: A beginner's guide with meal plan
Many studies have shown that elimination diets effectively improve eosinophilic esophagitis symptoms.
In one study of 146 patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, over 75% of all patients experienced significantly fewer symptoms and less inflammation through an elimination diet.
3. It may reduce symptoms of ADHD
ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) is a behavioral disorder that affects 3–5% of all children and adults.
Studies have shown elimination diets may reduce symptoms of ADHD.
One analysis examined 20 studies that restricted certain foods to improve ADHD symptoms. Researchers found that elimination diets helped reduce ADHD symptoms among children who were sensitive to foods.
However, children should not follow an elimination diet unless supervised by a medical professional.
Elimination diets restrict many essential nutrients for growing children, and long-term restriction could stunt their growth.
4. It may improve skin conditions like eczema
Eczema is a group of skin conditions that appear red, itchy, cracked, and inflamed.
There are many causes of eczema, but many people find that eating certain foods can worsen their symptoms.
Several studies have found that elimination diets may reduce symptoms of eczema.
In one study of 15 participants with eczema, 14 found that an elimination diet reduced their symptoms and helped identify their trigger foods.
5. It may reduce chronic migraines
Roughly 2–3 million people in the US alone suffer from chronic migraines.
The causes of migraines are still unclear, but studies have shown that inflammation could be a trigger.
An elimination diet removes foods that cause inflammation and has been shown to reduce chronic migraines.
In one study, 28 women and two men with frequent migraines followed an elimination diet for six weeks, which helped reduce the number of headache attacks from nine to six.
Summary: An elimination diet may benefit people with irritable bowel syndrome, ADHD, migraines, eosinophilic esophagitis, and skin conditions like eczema.
Risks of an elimination diet
Although elimination diets are a great way to discover which foods cause you problems, they also come with a few risks.
For starters, elimination diets should only be followed for a short period of time or between four and eight weeks.
Following an elimination diet for longer is not recommended, as it could cause nutrient deficiencies due to eliminating certain food groups.
Additionally, children and people with known or suspected allergies should only do an elimination diet under the supervision of a doctor.
Because elimination diets are restricting, taking away certain food groups for even a short period of time could stunt a child’s growth.
When reintroduced to a food group, children are also more prone to severe reactions, like anaphylaxis. This is because their bodies can become extra sensitive to foods after avoiding them.
Summary: Elimination diets can reduce the intake of essential nutrients if followed for too long. Children and people with known or suspected allergies should not follow an elimination diet unless supervised by their doctor.
Summary
Elimination diets can help determine which foods your body can’t tolerate well.
If you’re experiencing symptoms related to your diet, then an elimination diet could help you discover which foods are causing them.
However, elimination diets are not for everyone. Children should not try an elimination diet unless supervised by a doctor or dietitian.
Likewise, people with known or suspected allergies should only try an elimination diet the under the supervision of a doctor.
Finally, it’s important to note that elimination diets should only be done short-term, as long-term restrictions may cause nutritional deficiencies.
